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A theory of q-transversals

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This is a guest post by Mark Saaltink.

A $q$-analog is formed by replacing the notion of a set by the notion of a vector space, with a corresponding replacement of other concepts: cardinality becomes dimension, elements are replaced by 1-dimensional subspaces, the empty set is replaced by the 0-dimensional subspace, intersection remains the same, and union is replaced by sum. (It is not always clear how to replace set difference or symmetric difference.) The application of this idea to matroid theory gives the theory of q-matroids [Jur2018][Cer2022], which Relinde Jurrius has described in this forum, most recently with the analog of delta-matroids. In this post I’ll define a $q$-analog of a transversal [Mir1971], and show that there is still a connection with matroids, as well as analogs of many of the main theorems of transversal theory. A more complete account has been posted on arXiv.

$q$-matroids, briefly

A $q$-matroid can be characterized by its bases, independent sets, circuits, or spanning sets, but the simplest definition for our purposes is via the rank function.

Definition 0. Let $V$ be a vector space and ${\cal L}(V)$ be the lattice of subspaces of $V$. A $q$-matroid on $V$ is determined by a rank function $r: {\cal L}(V) \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}$, satisfying, for all $A, B \in {\cal L}(V)$,

  1. $0 \leq r(A) \leq \dim A$ (rank is non-negative and bounded by dimension),
  2. if $A \leq B$ then $r(A) \leq r(B)$ (rank is non-decreasing), and
  3. $r(A \vee B) + r(A \wedge B) \leq r(A) + r(B)$ (rank is submodular).

The usual concepts of matroid theory apply equally well to $q$-matroids: a subspace $A$ is independent if $r(A) = \dim A$, and dependent otherwise; a subspace $A$ is a circuit if it is dependent but all its proper subspaces are independent; the closure of $A$ is the largest subspace $B$ with $A \leq B \leq V$ and $r(B) = r(A)$; and $A$ is spanning if its closure is $V$. Axiom systems for $q$-matroids in terms of independent sets, bases, or circuits can be found in [Cer2022].

The closure of the trivial subspace $\{ 0 \}$ gives the so-called loop space of the matroid; any subspace of rank 0 is contained in this loop space. A $q$-matroid of rank 1 is therefore completely characterized by its loop space $L$, with the rank of a subspace $X$ being 0 if it is a subspace of $L$ and 1 otherwise.

A large class of $q$-matroids can be defined algebraically; these are the representable $q$-matroids. Given some $n\times m$ matrix $G$ over a field $K$ extending $\mathbb{F}_q$, we can define the $q$-matroid represented by $G$ as follows: if a subspace of $\mathbb{F}_q^m$ is the row space of matrix $X$, then its rank in the $q$-matroid is the rank of $GX^T$. It can be seen that this does not depend on the matrix $X$ we use; if $X$ and $Y$ are full-rank matrices with equal row spans, then there is some invertible matrix $A$ so that $Y = AX$. Then $GY^T = GX^TA^T$, and as $A^T$ is invertible, the ranks are the same. Note that the entries of $G$ may lie in a larger field than the vector space is defined over. Usually $K$ is equal to $\mathbb{F}_{q^k}$ for some $k$.

Unlike a normal matroid that might be representable over fields of many different characteristics, a $q$-matroid representation has its characteristic fixed by the vector space the $q$-matroid is defined on. I suppose the interesting question about representations is then which extension fields are possible.

Normal transversals, abnormally

To have a clear connection to $q$-matroids, it seems to work best to analogize a cryptomorphic version of transversal theory. Where the usual definition has membership, this definition uses non-membership.

Definition Given an indexed family ${\cal X} = (X_1,X_2, \dotsc, X_n)$ of subsets of some given set $S$, an avoiding transversal of $\cal X$ is a set of elements $x_1, x_2, \dotsc, x_n$ of $S$, all distinct, with each $x_i \notin X_i$. A partial avoiding transversal of $\cal X$ is an avoiding transversal of some subfamily (that is, containing some subset of the $X_i$).

Clearly, when $A_i = S \setminus X_i$, an avoiding transversal of $\cal X$ is just a transversal of the $A_i$.

The main properties of transversals can be recast in this setting. We first define ${\cal X}(J) = \bigcap_{j\in J} X_j$ for any $J \subseteq \{1, 2, \dots,n\}$, with the convention ${\cal X}(\emptyset) = S$.

Theorem

  1. (Hall) $\cal X$ has a transversal iff for all $J \subseteq \{1, 2, \dots,n\}$ we have $|{\cal X}(J)| + |J| \leq |S|$.
  2. (Rado) Suppose $M$ is a matroid on $S$ with co-nullity function $\nu^*$. $\cal X$ has a transversal that is independent in $M$ iff for all $J \subseteq \{1, 2, \dots,n\}$ we have $\nu^*({\cal X}(J)) + |J| \leq \nu^*(S)$.
  3. (Edmonds and Fulkerson) The set of partial transversals of $\cal X$ are the independent sets of a matroid.
  4. (Piff and Welsh) Transversal matroids are representable over every sufficiently large field.
  5. A matroid is transversal iff it is the union of a collection of rank-1 matroids.

When $M$ is the matroid whose independent sets are the partial avoiding transversals of $\cal X$ we say that $M$ is a transversal matroid and $\cal X$ is a co-presentation of $M$. Co-presentations have some nice properties:

  1. If the rank of transversal matroid $M$ is $r$, then $M$ has a co-presentation with $r$ elements.
  2. If $\cal X$ is a co-presentation of $M$ and the rank of $M$ is $r$, then $\cal X$ has a subfamily with $r$ elements that is also a co-presentation of $M$.
  3. If $(X_1, \dots, X_r)$ is a co-presentation of $M$, then each $X_i$ is a flat.
  4. If $M$ is a transversal matroid, then it has a unique minimal co-presentation, where a co-presentation is minimal if no members can be removed or replaced by strictly smaller sets while still co-representing $M$.

$q$-transversals, finally

In this section we will be talking about the vector space $V$ and its subspaces as well as $q$-matroids, so there is room for some confusion when we say “independent” or “basis”. Therefore we will qualify these terms and speak of a “vector basis” or “independent vectors” when referring to $V$ and its elements, or a “matroid basis” or “independent subspace” when referring to aspects of a $q$-matroid.

Definition Let a vector space $V$ be given, together with a family ${\cal X} = (X_1, \dotsc, X_n)$ of subspaces of $V$. A $q$-transversal is a dimension $n$ subspace $T$ of $V$ where every vector basis $B$ of $T$ has an ordering $B = \{b_1, \dots, b_n\}$ such that $b_i \notin X_i$ for $i \in\{1,2,\dotsc,n\}$. That is, every vector basis of $T$ is an avoiding transversal of $\cal X$. A partial $q$-transversal is a dimension $n$ subspace $T$ where every vector basis of $T$ is a partial avoiding transversal of $\cal X$.

The definition of partial $q$-transversal deserves some note. It would be more analogous to the conventional theory to declare a partial $q$-transversal to be a $q$-transversal of some subsystem of $\cal X$. This turns out to be equivalent, but is more difficult to work with. Analogs of the major properties of transversals are also enjoyed by $q$-transversals as defined this way:

Theorem

  • Family $\cal X$ has a $q$-transversal iff for every nonempty $J \subseteq \{1, 2, \dots, n\}$ we have $\dim {\cal X}(J) + |J| \leq \dim V$.
  • The set of partial $q$-transversals of a family form the independent subspaces of a $q$-matroid.
  • A $q$-matroid is $q$-transversal iff it is the union of a collection of rank 1 $q$-matroids.

I conjecture that all $q$-transversal matroids are representable, but have only proven a special case where the spaces $X_i$ align is a particular way:

Theorem Suppose that $V$ has a vector basis $\{b_1, b_2, \dotsc, b_n\}$ so that each of the $X_i$ has the form $X_i = \left< b_i \,|\, i \in L_i \right>$ for some sets $L_i \subseteq \{1, 2, \dots, n \}$. Then the associated $q$-transversal matroid is representable.

I also conjecture that an analog of Rado’s theorem holds. Recall that if $\cal B$ is the set of bases of matroid $M$, then co-nullity satisfies $\nu^*(X) = \min_{B \in \cal B} | B \cap X |$, so we may plausibly define a $q$-analog $\bar n$ satisfying $\bar n(X) = \min_{B \in \cal B} \dim(B \wedge X)$ for a $q$-matroid $M$ with bases $\cal B$.

Conjecture Suppose $M$ is a $q$-matroid on vector space $V$, with rank function $r$, and $\cal X$ is a system of subspaces of $V$. Then $\cal X$ has a $q$-transversal that is independent in $M$ iff for all $J \subseteq I$ we have $\bar n ({\cal X}(J)) + |J| \leq \bar n (V)$.

When $M$ is the $q$-matroid whose independent spaces are the set partial $q$-transversals of a family $\cal X$ we say that $M$ is $q$-transversal and that $\cal X$ is a presentation of $M$.

  1. If the rank of $q$-transversal matroid $M$ is $r$, then $M$ has a presentation with $r$ elements.
  2. If $\cal X$ is a presentation of $q$-matroid $M$ and the rank of $M$ is $r$, then $\cal X$ has a subfamily with $r$ elements that is also a presentation of $M$.
  3. If $(X_1, \dots, X_r)$ is a presentation of $M$, then each $X_i$ is a flat.

I conjecture that any $q$-transversal matroid has a unique minimal presentation.

As can be seen, while there are still some interesting questions to be settled, the analogy with normal transversal theory looks promising. Details and proofs are in the paper on arXiv [Saa2025].

References

[Cer2002] Michela Ceria and Relinde Jurrius. Alternatives for the $q$-matroid axioms of independent spaces, bases, and spanning spaces. arXiv.org/abs/2207.07324v3, December 2022.

[Jur2018] Relinde Jurrius and Ruud Pellikaan. Defining the $q$-analog of a matroid. Article #P3.2, The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 25(3), 2018.

[Mir1971] Leon Mirsky. Transversal Theory: an account of some aspects of combinatorial mathematics. Academic Press, 1971.

[Saa2025] Mark Saaltink. A theory of $q$-transversals arXiv.org/abs/2503.12201, March 2025.