# Google Summer of Code 2015: outcomes

Guest post by Chao Xu

In the summer, I have extended the SAGE code base for matroids for Google Summer of Code. This post shows a few example of it’s new capabilities.

# Connectivity

Let $M$ be a matroid with groundset $E$ and rank function $r$. A partition of the groundset $\{E_1,E_2\}$ is a $m$-separation if $|E_1|,|E_2|\geq m$ and $r(E_1)+r(E_2)-r(E)\leq m-1$. $M$ is called $k$-connected if there is no $m$-separation for any $m < k$. The Fano matroid is an example of $3$-connected matroid.

The Fano matroid is not $4$-connected. Using the certificate=True field, we can also output a certificate that verify its not-$4$-connectness. The certificate is a $m$-separation where $m < 4$. Since we know Fano matroid is $3$-connected, we know the output should be a $3$-separation.

We also have a method for deciding $k$-connectivity, and returning a certificate.

There are 3 algorithms for $3$-connectivity. One can pass it as a string to the algorithm field of is_3connected.

1. "bridges": The $3$-connectivity algorithm Bixby and Cunningham. [BC79]
2. "intersection": the matroid intersection based algorithm
3. "shifting": the shifting algorithm. [Raj87]

The default algorithm is the bridges based algorithm.

The following is an example to compare the running time of each approach.

The new bridges based algorithm is much faster than the previous algorithm in SAGE.

For $4$-connectivity, we tried to use the shifting approach, which has an running time of $O(n^{4.5}\sqrt{\log n})$, where $n$ is the size of the groundset. The intuitive idea is fixing some elements and tries to grow a separator. In theory, the shifting algorithm should be fast if the graph is not $4$-connected, as we can be lucky and find a separator quickly. In practice, it is still slower than the optimized matroid intersection based algorithm, which have a worst case $O(n^5)$ running time. There might be two reasons: the matroid intersection actually avoids the worst case running time in practice, and the shifting algorithm is not well optimized.

# Matroid intersection and union

There is a new implementation of matroid intersection algorithm based on Cunningham’s paper [Cun86]. For people who are familiar with blocking flow algorithms for maximum flows, this is the matroid version. The running time is $O(\sqrt{p}rn)$, where $p$ is the size of the maximum common independent set, $r$ is the rank, and $n$ is the size of the groundset. Here is an example of taking matroid intersection between two randomly generated linear matroids.

Using matroid intersection, we have preliminary support for matroid union and matroid sum. Both construction takes a list of matroids.

The matroid sum operation takes disjoint union of the groundsets. Hence the new ground set will have the first coordinate indicating which matroid it comes from, and second coordinate indicate the element in the matroid.

Here is an example of matroid union of two copies of uniform matroid $U(1,5)$ and $U(2,5)$. The output is isomorphic to $U(4,5)$.

One of the application of matroid union is matroid partitioning, which partitions the groundset of the matroid to minimum number of independent sets. Here is an example that partitions the edges of a graph to minimum number of forests.

# Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my mentors Stefan van Zwam and Michael Welsh for helping me with the project. I also like to thank Rudi Pendavingh, who have made various valuable suggestions and implemented many optimizations himself.

# References

[BC79] R.E Bixby, W.H Cunningham. Matroids, graphs and 3-connectivity, J.A Bondy, U.S.R Murty (Eds.), Graph Theory and Related Topics, Academic Press, New York (1979), pp. 91-103.

[Raj87] Rajan, A. (1987). Algorithmic applications of connectivity and related topics in matroid theory. Northwestern university.

[Cun86] William H Cunningham. 1986. Improved bounds for matroid partition and intersection algorithms. SIAM J. Comput. 15, 4 (November 1986), 948-957.

## 2 thoughts on “Google Summer of Code 2015: outcomes”

1. Chao, you did a great job implementing those connectivity algorithms in SAGE. Many thanks!

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